Operant Conditioning Voluntary Behavior Essay - 940 Words

Onil Trinidad Psych 11 Dr. Mcspadden Operant Conditioning Voluntary behavior is a result of a learning process which is commonly referred to as â€Å"Operant Conditioning.† According to the American Psychological Association, operant conditioning is â€Å"Learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences† (Allyn Para#8). In simpler terms, operant conditioning is the explanation for voluntary behavior, which can reoccur or diminish, depending if the consequence is pleasurable or unpleasable. In my life I have experienced this concept of operant conditioning in full effect when I had to learn how to play baseball and when I had to learn math. There are certain limits to this theory of operant conditioning such as freewill, latent learning and instinct drives; nevertheless, operant conditioning is universally applicable and I can verify this with my own experiences. The first time I played real baseball I was about 7 years old. I didn’t’ fully understand the game but gradual ly I was molded until I learned how to play. This is a term which behaviorist call â€Å"Shaping†. Shaping is a method in which reinforcements are applied for each baby step you take towards your targeted behavior. The small steps I took were a result of me not knowing how to catch the ball. I first began by putting my glove out randomly and flinching in order to catch the ball. However, this technique didn’t work and therefore, I was hit by the baseball several of times. MyShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1249 Words   |  5 Pages This process involves the association between two stimuli or a behavior and a learned stimulus. Associative learning is divided in to two central techniques, classical conditioning and operant condition. Classical and operant conditioning are basic methods of learning and conditioning is used to adapt a behavior or association through a stimuli or consequence (Ciccarelli, 2012). While classical conditioning an d operant conditioning are key elements in associative learning, they have significantRead MoreCompare and Constrast Classical and Operant Conditioning737 Words   |  3 Pagescontrast classical and operant conditioning, their theories, terminology, famous psychologists and applications of the theory for teaching. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one anotherRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesPavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studiesRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1492 Words   |  6 Pages To expand upon the concepts of the two forms of conditioning listed above, three additional principals not previously listed for the sake of convenience are present in both forms of conditioning; these three principals-extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus discrimination-are among the number of basic principals of conditioning that are found in most forms of conditioning. To explain, Extinction refers to the process by which the steady weakening or diminishment of a conditioned responseRead MoreRespondent and Instrumental Conditioning as Related to Phobias and Addictions1004 Words   |  5 PagesRespondent and Instrumental Conditioning as related to Phobias and Addictions Many people who suffer from phobias also suffer from addictions. This is largely due in part to the reluctance to seek professional treatment for the phobia. People turn to other means to cope with their phobias which in turn leads to addictions. Dependence is such an issue with addiction that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental reactions. Therapist use a technique called extinction toRead MoreWatson, Skinner and Tolman Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthat equates behavior to conditioning. Typical examples of behavior conditioning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that births an unconditioned response. Subsequently, a neutral stimulus brings a response without the natural occurring stimulus. Unified the two elements are thought of as a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response. Watson and Skinner classical conditioning are similarRea d MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning929 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion 5 1. Define: Classical Conditioning is learning theory based on the assumption that the learning process occurs due to associations between an environmental stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus, as indicated in our textbook. This learning theory was developed by John Watson. He proposed that this theory is able to explain human behavior. Watson also assumed that our environment shapes our personality as a whole. His ideas were influenced by the findings of Ivan Pavlov, a RussianRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning And Skinner s Operant Conditioning1243 Words   |  5 PagesTaSheena Moore 2/4/2016 PSY 110 Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning and Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. There are two types of learning, associative learning and cognitive learning. Associative learning occurs when a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both. It requires little to no awareness or thought. Cognitive learning refers to understanding, knowing, and anticipating. Our subjectRead MorePhobias and Addictions Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning865 Words   |  4 Pagesas Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning Introduction People can become conditioned to respond to various stimuli in positive and negative ways, including phobias and addictions. In order to better understand how stimuli elicit phobic or addictive responses, this paper provides a discussion concerning phobias and addictions as related to classical and operant conditioning, including explorations of how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning and how addictions can be developedRead MoreThe Process of Conditioning963 Words   |  4 PagesFlorida Sahay Professor Griffin Psychology 1101 Fall 2009 The Conditioning Process It was raining when Sarah was driving home from work. Both she and the driver of the car in front of her were speeding. The car in front of her had immediately braked. There was not enough distance between that car and her own car to safely slow to a stop, so she had quickly switched lanes to avoid a car accident. Instead, the slick pavement caused her car to swerve out of control. When her car finally

The Effects Of Spaceflight On The Human Body - 1202 Words

Space Exploration: What Are the Effects of Spaceflight on the Human Body? The accomplishment of space travel on 12 April 1961 marked the dawn of a new space era. Since then, humans have advanced in technology and acquired immense knowledge through space exploration. We watch video clips of astronauts enjoying a gravity-free environment, however, there are challenges in space, the greatest threat being the lack of oxygen and pressure. Furthermore, spaceflight has a significant impact on the human body. Moreover, extreme variations in temperature and intense radiation from sunlight increase the chance of cancer. Significant adverse effects of long-term weightlessness are muscle atrophy (degeneration of cells) and deterioration of the skeleton (Kansas and Manzey 15). Weightlessness is also known to â€Å"cause the ‘moon-face’ appearance typical in pictures of astronauts† (Akiyama 22). Health risks also include cardiovascular system malfunction, balance disorders, eyesight disorders and motion sickness. Moreover, studies show that the crew members experience psychological effects as well, due to stress coupled with the body adapting environmental changes. However, the future prospects of space exploration require humans to endure for longer periods in space. These factors have paved the way for ‘space medicine’ that studies and improve the health of astronauts living in outer space. I will consider the studies on the effects of spaceflight on the human body and attempt to determineShow MoreRelatedAlexander Grant : The Longest Continuous Human Spaceflight966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe longest continuous human spaceflight. The current (2016) record holder for the longest continuous spaceflight is Valeri Polyakov at 438 days, or 14 months [1]. The purpose of this mission was to test the effect of micro-gravity environments similar to those on a journey to mars. Upon Polyakov’s return, his physical and overall mental condition were deemed stable. Due to acclimation times, it was plausible that a 3 year mission to mars would have no hazardous mental effects upon crew [2]. PsychologicalRead MoreThe Physiological And Psychological Effects Of Interplanetary Colonization1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe Physiological and Psychological Effects of Interplanetary Colonization Above 45,000 feet the atmosphere gets rugged, damaged, and begins to grow deeper and darker in color. This occurs because of the decrease in amount of nitrogen and oxygen molecules that are used to populate the air. This alone has tremendous effects on the human body, not just physically, but mentally. In the 1950’s, a major concern of those involved with space research and travel was a psychological problem, called the â€Å"Break-OffRead MoreThe National Aeronautics And Space Administration Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesNASA has taken many giant leaps in spaceflight since Neil Armstrong first stepped on the moon: The International Space Station was built, multiple rovers were sent to Mars, a spacecraft has landed on an asteroid, and we even have pictures of Pluto for the first time. NASA has accomplished some incredible projects that have inspired many and benefited the entire world with the research it has found. Unfortunately, it has recently encountered some setbacks t hat make it nearly impossible for the administrationRead MoreEssay on Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight1162 Words   |  5 Pagesnumerous human factors challenges can complicate, and even ruin the entire mission. This paper will identify human factors challenges the crew will face, describe why they are so dangerous, and finally, identify ways to mitigate these challenges. The first challenge in a long-duration spaceflight is almost immediately apparent after lift-off, leaving the gravitational pull of Earth, and entering a micro gravity environment. Weightlessness can have several different impacts on the human body. AstronautsRead MoreThe Accomplishment Of Space Travel1923 Words   |  8 Pagesspace era. Since then, humans have advanced in technology and knowledge through space exploration. However, although we watch video clips of astronauts enjoying a gravity-free environment, there are challenges in space, the greatest threat being the lack of oxygen and pressure. Furthermore, spaceflight has a significant impact on the human body as extreme variations in temperature and intense radiation from sunlight increase the chance of cancer. Significant adverse effects of long-term weightlessnessRead MoreLong Term Space Travel And Its Effects On The Human Body1427 Words   |  6 PagesLong-term Space Travel and its Effects on the Human Body Synopsis: Humans are planning more space missions to Mars and deeper into the solar system. These manned missions require longer periods of time in space than any human has ever spent, as well as traveling farther from Earth’s protection than ever before. There has been very little research conducted regarding the effects of prolonged space travel on the human body. This paper examines how space travel will likely alter bodily functions. TheRead MoreThe Problem Of Instant Space Travel1437 Words   |  6 Pagesbut the solutions aren’t as far as one might think. With the current limitations of our technology and the overall price of spaceflight, our space program is unable to go as far as we could. The current price is far too high for reasonable space travel, but, how much does a trip to, let s say, Mars, cost? Well, according to The Mars Society: Estimates of the cost of a human Mars exploration program over the years have been wildly disparate, leaving much confusion in their wake. On the high end ofRead MoreEssay on The Life of Konstantin Tsiolokovsky1034 Words   |  5 Pagesand multi-staging, gyroscopes, escape velocities from the Earth’s gravitational field, and the principle of action and reaction. He paved the way for Sputnik I (the world’s first artificial satellite) and the Vostok rocket (the first of manned spaceflight). Tsiolkovsky is considered one of the fathers of rocketry. Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945), considered the father of modern rocketry, was a physics professor who had a talent for practical engineering and experimentation. By 1926, he constructedRead MoreApplication Of Using Crispr Cas875 Words   |  4 Pagesspace are endless. Scientist could manipulate the DNA of humans so that mutations provide astronauts with denser bones and larger amounts of muscle mass. Researchers can also use CRISPR-Cas to edit the genome of astronauts so that they resemble the mutations found in â€Å"Superhumans.† These mutations would make astronauts less vulnerable to bone loss and many other effects experiences in space travel. In addition, scientist could splice human DNA with other organisms through a process called transgenesisRead MoreSpace Flight: Risk of Performance Errors Due to Sleep Loss1644 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction During spaceflight astronauts will experience fatigue that can threaten their health and performance during their period of exploration. If fatigue during space flight goes untreated, there is a potential long-term health effects. The term fatigue can be explained as weariness from bodily or mental exertion and temporary reduction of functioning organs due to excessive stimulus. Astronauts are prone to other risk during spaceflight as well, these are the following: sleep loss, circadian

Effects of Tv on Children Free Essays

We have all heard the incessant reports about the damaging effects of too much time spent in front of a television. The bad habit of watching hour after hour of television usually begin early in a persons life and people who have the habit of spending a lot of time watching too much TV are usually overweight. They also end up with other weight related problems during their life. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Tv on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Watching TV is especially harmful for small children. A study shows that when toddlers watch too much TV, they are more likely to have attention problems later on during their childhood and possibly for the rest of their life. This can have an impact on how well a child is able to perform in school and in other areas of their life. Allowing the television to be a baby sitter for your infant is not a good idea. The long hours of watching cartoons can be better spent doing some other activity. When I was a child a had a very small patch of the yard that I turned into a garden. I took dry beans from the packs in the kitchen and planted them in the garden. It was a wonderful feeling to watch them grow from a bean to a plant. We never ate anything from my garden, but having it gave me something to look forward to outside of the house, instead of doing nothing but sitting in front of the TV all day. Even today, more than 30 years later, I still do not watch (much) TV. There are a lot of TV stations that show programs that are very educational and a person can benefit from these programs. But, a child under the age of three should not be allowed to sit in front of the TV for a long time, the study states that no more than 30 minutes per day is enough. The long stream of continuous violence shown on TV has a negative effect on a child and adults, as well. Watching hours of violence, fast food commercials and the other nonsense – will have an adverse effect on anyone who watches it. It is not good to live in a society that doesn’t blink an eye when someone has their head blown off. When you allow the television to raise your children, by the time they are 21 years old, they would have seen hundreds of thousands of violent, dehumanising acts on the screen. What could the after effects of that produce? How long should your child watch TV per day, you decide. Just be prepared to deal with the consequences of too much TV. How to cite Effects of Tv on Children, Papers

Case Study Audit free essay sample

Furthermore, many competitors of Fast Go’s are larger and have greater financial resources, less average, and their coverage are more extensive. Furthermore, Fast Go also suffer high turnover of staff of the company. It is resulted from the high competition in the industry. Many staff left Fast Go and join bigger companies that offer better pay for them. Besides that, Fast Go also predicts that the market prices will be decline in the future, it just make them unable to attract more customer. And the important thing that cause the substantial doubt in order Fast Go to carry on the business is, the company has debt totaling RM 25 Million. The debt has financial covenants as well as material adverse change clause. Furthermore, Fast Go must maintain Debt Ratio to Total Assets not exceeding 35%. If Fast Go unable to comply with the agreement, they need to pay the loan in full. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Audit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page b) Assuming the events of conditions identified in (a) above cause the audit team to have substantial doubt about Fast Go ability to continue as a going concern, what is the next step the audit team needs to perform? The next step that the audit needs to perform are, the audit team must seek information about management’s plans to mitigate all the problem that Fast Go suffer for example the debt, the competition and etc. Besides, the audit team also must assess the likelihood that such plans can be successfully implemented. Furthermore, the audit team also must consider the Fast Go ability to continue or not. c) What types of audit procedures should be perform by the audit team? Types of audit procedures should be perform by the audit team are, the audit team should analyzing and discussing the Fast Go’s cash flow, profit and other relevant forecasts with the management. They should analyze the latest company’s financial statement. Besides, the audit team also must reviewing the terms of debentures and loan agreement with the bank to ensure that there is no breach of the contract between Fast Go and the bank. Furthermore, they also must enquire the entity’s lawyer regarding the existence of litigation and claims and reasonableness management assessments of their outcomes and the estimate of their financial implications. Another procedure that audit team should take is they have to reviewing the events after period ends in order to identify those that either mitigate or otherwise effect the Fast Go’s ability to continue as going concern. d) What are mitigating factors that Fast Go should implement in order to continue as going concern? Mitigating factors that Fast Go should implement in order to continue as going concern are, Fast Go should consider whether to sell the assets to pay off debt or dispose of the operations that are losing money. Frequently, Fast Go also may develop plan to reduce wages or cut back the workforce. Besides that, Fast Go also may negotiate with the bank or the creditor in order to restructure back the debt or seek for additional financing. Furthermore, they also can reduce the non- added value activities that incurred in their company that makes the bare high cost rather than get high profit. ) What are the responsibilities of the audit team with regard to Fast Go ability to continue as a going concern? Responsibilities of the audit team in order Fast Go to continue as a going concern are, the audit team should be consider the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern assumption in the preparation of financial reporting. Furthermore, the audit team also must consider the ability of the Fast Go to continue the business and they need to be disclosed in the financial reporting. f) What types of audit report will you issue for Fast Go. Types of audit report that will be issue for Fast Go is unmodified audit report which have to prepare by the management on the going basis after considering all the mitigating factors that arise. Case Study 4 i) Explain the factors that contribute to the success of Mazlan’s fraudulent scheme. You may explain from the perspective of fraud diamond. Based on the fraud diamond, the factors that contribute to the success of Mazlan’s fraudulent scheme are: a) An incentive – It is an incentive for Mazlan to commit fraud when he need to bear the limit credit card and he was on the verge of declaring bankruptcy. Because of this he decided to â€Å"borrow† money from IOPSB. b) Rationalization – Mazlan think what he did is rational because he will try to keep track of the money so he could pay it back later to the company. c) Opportunity- Mazlan has an opportunity to commit fraud when Zairi, the Chief Executive Officer did not play his duty as an officer. He just signed whatever cheques without check the payment is made for whom. d) Capability- Mazlan was also capable to commit fraud because he is Account Executive in that company. So that, it easier for Mazlan to â€Å"borrow† the money from IOPSB. ii) Based on what Mazlan told you about his fraudulent scheme, describe the suggestions would you make to Salim. Suggestion that would be making to Salim are, Salim must discuss with the all management team in IOPSB about what happened. He must tell all staff about it. And in order to recover back the loss, he must ask the audit team and appoint another Account Executive to reconcile back all the account. Furthermore, he must take an action towards Salim because of his fraudulent. Besides, Salim also need no be more aware about this matter and make a segregation of duties among staff. , make sure that all of them carry their own job and responsibilities in accordance with their job description. iii) Explain the situation that had violated the MIA’s By Laws. Under Section 10 (a) of Accountants Act 1967, every member is to observe the standard of professional conduct and refrain from unprofessional conduct that include any act that discredit to himself, other members, and Institute or the accounting profession. Situation that had violated the MIA’s By Laws are: a) Intergrity- Mazlan had violated the MIA’s By Laws which falls under integrity. Integrity means adherence to moral and ethical principles, soundness of moral character or simply honesty. Base on this case, Mazlan had not carry his duty in moral and honesty way or manner when he commit fraud by make a cheque for his own interest. b) Self interest threats- Self interest threat arise from ownership of financial interest. It happened when a firm or members could benefit from financial interest in the assurance company. In this case, Mazlan had violated By Laws when he use all the money from the IOPSB for his own interest. It happened when he need to pay his credit card which reached the limit that may bring him to bankruptcy. c) Due Care- Due Care means the member is responsible for fulfilling his or her duties diligently and carefully. In this matter, Zairi had violate to carry on his professional in due care when he did not check the cheque that get befor he signed and approve it. v) Explain the role of external auditors in contributing to good corporate governance. The role of external auditors in contributing to good corporate governance are,: a) Give unbiased opinion on the financial statement prepared by the management. b) Evaluates whether audit evidence raises doubt about the ability of the client to continue as a going concern in the foreseeable future. c) Auditor must collects evidence to ob tain reasonable assurance that the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements are free of material misstatement. CASE STUDY 5