The Potential Role of Large Tour Operators for the Implementation

Chapter by chapter guide Table of figures 2 List of shortenings 2 Introduction and reason articulation 3 The potential job of huge visit administrators for the usage of economical flexibly chain the executives in the travel industry End 5 Bibliography 7 1 Table of figures Fig. 1: Exemplary the travel industry gracefully chain 5 List of truncations NGO Non-legislative association SC gracefully chain SSCM practical flexibly chain the executives TOI Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development 2 Introduction and reason statementWith an exponentially developing populace, the movement business is relied upon to develop essentially sooner rather than later. Simultaneously, unique partner bunches represent a ton of weight on this industry. Visitor are picking up consciousness of the negative effects of mass the travel industry on the earth just as socio-monetarily. Subsequently the interest for „green tourismâ€Å"-arrangements is expanding. Moreover, the money related market, governments just as NGOs progressively apply influence on the business to rehearse increasingly feasible the travel industry by methods for legislation.Moreover, a flawless domain is the priceless resource for the travel industry, saving it implies serving the self-conservation of the travel industry. 1 Indisputably , the travel industry needs to change into an all the more naturally agreeable and supportable business. The execution of natural administration frameworks just as the arrangement of the entire flexibly bind are significant devices to help this change. In this paper I picked the visit administrator phase of the gracefully chain as the point of convergence, since it goes about as a connection between the flexibly and request side of tourism.Hereafter, I present how the basic properties of enormous visit administrators furnish them with extraordinary duty to advance the usage of feasible flexibly chain the executives (SSCM) frameworks in the travel industry. The potential job of huge visit administrators for the usage of maintainable flexibly chain the executives in the travel industry Tourism, the same as different businesses, is sorted out in gracefully chain (SC) structures since its items/administrations are made out of various components as e. g. ransportation, diversion, travel organizations and convenience. 2 Aiming for maintainability along these lines intends to make progress toward a drawn out progress of the financial, social and natural execution, of a separated organization or item as well as its entire SC. This idea is additionally referred to writing as the â€Å"triple base line†-approach. 3 Suring and Muller characterize SSCM as â€Å"the the board of material, data and capital streams just as participation among organizations along the gracefully chain while taking objectives from every one of the three components of feasible turn of events, I. e. financial, natural and social, into account which are gotten from client and partner requirementsâ€Å". 4 Large visit administrators look like a key job in this heavenly body since they have the way to 1 2 Clarke (1997) Sigala (2008) 3 Kleindorfer, Singhal and Van Wassenhove (2005) 4 Seuring and Muller (2002), p. 1700 3 opposite coordinations estimation systems B the executives, straightforw ardness and partner exchange Worldwide ecological revealing of inns, aircrafts, goals, shareholdings and at each progression of the worth chain with a consistent improvement process ritically audits thethe practicesidentifying the SCM devices and additionally significance of and induceis likewise featured in economical SCM impact writing for of the individual providers merchants data the usage ? writing; Seuring and Muller [20] announced that insuf? cient or basic achievement factors for executing the previous. of al. [24] identi? ed three SC instruments to manage the missing SC correspondence a travel industry streams, Cigolini etSSCM-rehearses too asnamely data spread and volumeisof significant hindrance to maintainable SCM usage. ools, coordination and control apparatuses, and association instruments. which by implication impacts the financial improvement of the movement control apparatuses areIt is a piece of Coordination and goals. used to screen and inInformation instruments ( e. g. online associations, mechanized identi? cation ? uence the dynamic procedure, by estimating exhibitions frameworks, for example, standardized identifications and shared databases) are used to their transmit to go about as â€Å"gatekeepers† while linkingand setting rewards basedcustomers. Knowing the providers to the on the accomplishment of specific outcomes. An assemble, dissect, functionand share information, with respect to client information, SC execution decimal standard for measuring, including a set start to finish stock status and areas, request status, costs that it becomes clear that visit administrators may likewise essentially performancethe plan bothof parameters that impact measurements of the entire SC (as completely portray the related information and execution status.Data sharing guarantees that apparent by end are frequently bound entertainer of taking part individuals will be items areuse of partook in-in light of the fact that supplierscustomers, an d of each to this the chain), is segments their ready to make made out of a need for guaranteeing dependability and responsibility [25]. arrangement to help structure and convey items that ful? l client Hence, rather than utilitarian cost-arranged measurements necessities all the more rapidly and 6effectively.Visibility of position in the SC visit administrators act likewise as hubs for that are regularly dispersion channel. Because of their focal perforachieved to the detriment of another part, coordinated measurements are mance measurements empowers individuals to address creation and quality correspondence between the various elements of required. Be that as it may, explore in SCM execution estimation has gives all the more rapidly allowing progressively light-footed interest arranging. The SC, with correspondence being a basic factor for the effective execution of SSCM-rehearses. The travel industry Demand Providers of the travel industry framework Hotels, resorts, golf courts, cafés, galleries and other the travel industry related providers, for example, water and influence gracefully, street foundation air terminals and so forth Tour administrators Travel Agents Other the travel industry middle people, for example, web sites, goal associations and so on Leisure explorers Conference voyagers and so forth Direction of cash, archives, and data streams Fig. 1. The travel industry flexibly chain. Fig. 1 Exemplary the travel industry flexibly chain (Sigala, 2008, p. 1591) Tour administrators can draw benefits from advancing SSCM-rehearses along their SC.Since any exertion made to make the own item or administration progressively natural agreeable is seen well among clients (at any rate as long that doesn't drive up the value), the visit administrators can transform this picture improvement into a special selling point. For example TUI utilizes a self-structured condition positioning to assess their items. 8 This looks like a rationale reaction to the developi ng open consciousness of natural effect of mass the travel industry and goes about as a motivating force for the visit administrators to assess the ecological exhibition of their providers (e. . trough ISO 14001, EMAS or comparative affirmation ideas). 9 Even however most of the huge visit administrators do have a maintainability strategies set up, the genuine effect on their business is so far lacking. Visit administrators frequently attempt to legitimize this trough an absence of interest and express that most of clients looks for bundles of the least cost. Yet, the idea of the travel industry items has it, that the visitors themselves are co-creating the item, while it is being expended, which makes them section 5 6Tepelus (2005), Budeanu (2009) Van Wijk and Persoon (2006) 7 Sigala (2008) 8 Clarke (1997) 9 Budeanu (2009) 4 of the flexibly chain. 10 at the end of the day, actualizing a SSCM in the travel industry likewise includes the instruction of the customer. Visit administrat ors are predestinated for this undertaking, since their situation in the SC permits them to practice impact over the customers decisions. In any case, this is asking a great deal from administrators, since the visit working business is a serious industry went with generally low net revenues of about 2% and client reliability being not actually widespread.This likely could be a piece of the motivation behind why a ton of visit administrators seek after â€Å"green washing† without truly captivating in long haul SSCM-changes. 11 Another one of the primary issues unmistakably is the assortment of affirmation plans and the low cooperation of providers. It is suspicious that an individual mark will arrive at a minimum amount in national the travel industry, despite the fact that the foundation of a globally perceived bound together name could be a useful asset: it could assist with diminishing purchaser disarray and go about as a marker for quality for those voyagers scanning for green the travel industry administrations, expanding credibility.If visit administrators feel constrained to look for providers conveying this particular name so as to meet their clients needs, likewise providers would need to follow it in evasion of taking a chance with their business relationship to the visit administrator. This would furnish the administrators with a more extensive scope of guaranteed items to browse. 12 For this situation, it would need to be guaranteed, that this accreditation can't be gotten by shrewd methods or through only an individual assessment to stay away from the claim of â€Å"green washingâ€Å". As of now, most visit administrators apply their own guidelines, custom fitted to their business exercises. 3 This is mostly because of the reality, that numerous confirmation plans address little scope the travel industry when it is actually the mass the travel industry that requirements to green the business. In spite of the way that Europe is a precurso r in the maintainability conversation, there are not really any guidelines with respect to the visit administrator business. Visit administrators should be furnished with more grounded motivating forces and viable instruments to proactively upgrade their own and their SC’s manageability execution. 14 Conclusion Sustainable advancement in the travel industry I

Tibet Essays (1321 words) - Tibet, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa

Tibet China Tibet, otherwise called TAR, is a vote based district in China that is very poor, and is essentially occupied by Buddhists. All through its long history, Tibet on occasion has represented itself as a free state and at different occasions has had different degrees of relationship with China. Whatever China 's contribution in Tibetan undertakings, Tibet's interior government was for a considerable length of time a religious government, under the initiative of Buddhist lamas, or priests. In 1959 the Dalai Lama fled to India during a Tibetan rebel against Chinese control in the locale. China at that point assumed total responsibility for Tibet, introducing a thoughtful Tibetan ruler and, in 1965, supplanting with a Communist organization (Encarta 1). The TAR covers an region of around 472,000 square miles. It is limited on the north by Xinjiang Uygur Self-governing Region and Qinghai Province; on the east by Sichuan and Yunnan territories; on the south by Myanmar (officially known as Burma), India, Bhutan, and Nepal; and on the west by India. Lhasa is the locale's capital and biggest city (Schaller 72). With a normal height of in excess of 12,000 feet, Tibet is the most elevated area on earth, and therefore, it is here and there called the Roof of the World. The vast majority of the individuals in Tibet live at heights running from 3,900 feet to 16,700 feet. Tibet is likewise one of the world's most disconnected areas, encircled by the Himalayas on the south, the Karakorum Range on the west, and the Kunlun Mountains on the north (Encarta 1). The southern piece of Tibet is arranged totally inside the Himalayas, and a significant number of the world's most noteworthy highest points are situated in the Himalayan chain, which stretches out along Tibet's southern wilderness. Among the pinnacles are Mount Everest(29,028 feet), the world's biggest mountain; Namcha Barwa(25,445 feet); and Gurla Mandhata(25,354 feet). The Kailas Range, a chain of the Himalayas, lies corresponding to and north of the fundamental chain also, has pinnacles of up to 22,000 feet. Between the Kailas Range and the primary chain is a waterway valley that reaches out around 600 miles. The Brahmaputra River (known in Tibet as the Yarlung Zangbo) streams from west to east through a large portion of this valley (Encarta 1). The mountains in Tibet structure Asia's important watershed, or separating line, between westbound streaming and eastbound streaming streams, and Tibet is the wellspring of the mainland's significant waterways. The Brahmaputra is Tibet's most significant stream. The Indus, Ganges, and Sutlej waterways have their headwaters in western Tibet. A considerable lot of Tibet's waterways have potential for hydroelectric advancement (Encarta 1). Vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau is incredibly meager, comprising for the most part of grasses and bushes. Dissipated lush zones happen in extraordinary west and east. Most vegetation, be that as it may, is moved in Brahmaputra, Indus, what's more, Sutlej waterway valleys. These zones bolster most types of trees, including conifers, oaks, cypresses, poplars, and maples. Apple, peach, pear, and apricot trees are developed in the valleys (Encarta 1). Tibet is home to an assortment of untamed life. Musk deer, wild sheep, wild goats, wild jackasses, yaks, and Tibetan pronghorn are regular in uneven regions. Other enormous warm blooded creatures incorporate panthers, tigers, bears, wolves, foxes, and monkeys. Winged creature life incorporates geese, gulls, greenish blue, and different types of waterfowl, and furthermore birds and sand grouse (Encarta 1). Tibet has a dry, cold atmosphere with a normal yearly temperature of 34 degrees Fahrenheit. It is exceptionally unpleasant in Tibet in the winter (Harrer 39). Temperatures in the mountains and levels are particularly cold, and solid breezes are basic all year. The stream valleys experience a progressively moderate atmosphere. Lhasa and focal Tibet have a normal temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit in December and a normal of 60 degrees Fahrenheit in June. The day by day temperature extend is incredible. On a run of the mill summer day, the temperature can ascend from 37 degrees Fahrenheit before dawn to 81 degrees Fahrenheit before early afternoon. In general, temperatures in Tibet much of the time drop unexpectedly after dusk. The normal yearly precipitation is 15 inches (Encarta 2). The Tibet leaflet states that Tibet is plentiful in mineral assets, albeit few have been abused due to detachment, an absence of modern limit, and Buddhist advices against upsetting the earth because of a paranoid fear of hurting living animals. Gold is found in numerous territories, and noteworthy stores of iron mineral, coal, salt, and borax are moreover present. Other realized assets incorporate oil shale, manganese, lead, zinc, quartz, what's more, graphite (14). Since 1959 the Chinese government has profited by some of Tibet's assets by mining chromite, tinkalite, and boromagnesite; building hydroelectric and geothermal plants; and logging timber. In eastern Tibet, genuine natural concerns have been raised over the degree of

3 Ways to Create a Marketing Culture around Design Thinking

Today's marketers are living in a fascinating world. The landscape that encompasses our what, where, when, how and why sees drastic shifts from day to day. Since over 60% of marketers claim that generating quality traffic and leads is their top challenge, success means getting the right content in front of the right sets of eyes. Related: 9 ways marketers & designers can collaborate better Design thinking is a concept that's been making waves in the marketing world. It refers to an iterative process that aims to intrinsically understand the user, challenge conventions, and redefine the very nature of certain problems to come up with alternative strategies and solutions. If your team is searching for innovative ideas, here are 3 ways to create a marketing culture around design thinking. 1. Build your team to match your vision Marketing visions can vary quite a bit from brand to brand. Building a team that functions as a single unit can be a significant challenge, especially in a growing company. Marketing teams need to maintain a healthy dynamic where ideas and processes work together to achieve business goals. Assembling a team with a unified vision all starts in the recruiting process. To create a culture around design thinking, you have to build a modern marketing team. This includes: Content creation - Writing blogs, creating videos, infographics, etc. Acquisition - Generating traffic, leads and front-end sales. Monetization - Turning leads into customers. In order for these roles to work in harmony, all visions and values need to be aligned. Fortunately, there are resources to make this task easier. As little as a decade ago, you could only learn so much about a new hire before bringing them onboard. Today, AI-driven tools like Harver automatically match applicant skillsets to job descriptions. You can even run a number of specialized tests for things like situational judgement, professional values, personality traits, and problem-solving capabilities. Impactful design thinking is only possible when everyone is on the same page. Throughout the long process of building a marketing culture, this needs to be a priority. 2. Use data to think outside the box Design thinking and "thinking outside the box" are practically synonymous. But, that phrase can mean a number of things. One of the first to come to mind is how controversial people can make bold, unorthodox statements and get nearly every major media outlet in the country into a state of uproar. While this approach can certainly get the masses talking, it's probably not wise to bank on it. For a marketing team to break the norm and boost engagement, they must first understand exactly what "the norm" is. One of best ways to do this is by diving deep into the data they already have on their customers. They can mine this data for underlying insights in customer profiles, conversion patterns and inventory management. For example, an online retailer can use their point-of-sale data to target customers at every point of the sales funnel-be it awareness, interest or decision. Using this data-backed information is the key to understanding pain points. You can't find innovative solutions if you don't understand the common snags in your systems, customer behavior and shopping trends. Burberry, a luxury fashion brand, once found themselves stuck with a growth rate of merely 2%. With sales numbers not being anywhere close to what they needed to be, a monumental change was in order. After looking at their customer data, it became clear they were not making an impact on younger shoppers. Knowing the younger generation's love for social media, the marketing team did a complete overhaul of their strategy to shift the focus to more millennial-friendly messaging. This involved a strong deviation from their core heritage. The marketing team worked to create more personalized and relatable content by investing heavily in a strong social media presence. Source: Facebook The result catapulted Burberry to being one of the most digitally innovative fashion brands around. The insights they used from their customer profiles were a driving force behind this change. This just goes to show that design thinking in marketing is dependent on keeping the end user in the spotlight. 3. Accept that design thinking is not a linear process The process of design thinking encompasses five key stages. Although it may seem like this process naturally flows from one stage to the next, there's never a one-size-fits-all formula. Certain stages might need to be conducted simultaneously in order to view the situation from all angles. In many cases, the prototype stage is simply a means to better define the problem. Source: SAP It's better to view the process as a loop to continuously inspire solutions that have never been tried before. In essence, it's about understanding each element that factors into a problem. The objective is to gain an in-depth view of the user, how they function, and how your solution can meet their unmet needs. For a marketing team to thrive under design thinking, they must come to terms with the fact that the path bridging problems to solutions is rarely a straight shot. Key takeaway In many ways, design thinking is the origin of innovation. Today's overly crowded marketing landscape presents a dire need for brands to build their marketing cultures around these core characteristics. Ultimately, this how both companies and consumers grow. Enjoy this post? Subscribe to the Lucidpress blog to get our best delivered to your inbox every week.

Most Appropriate Procurement Method For University Of Salford - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3521 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction The University of Salford is a leading UK university close to the city centre. They aim to become the very best UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017. A strategic plan has been developed. To response to achieve the strategic plan, the School of the build environment is to deliver its core course provision within a prestigious bespoke facility and expand its role to include architecture. A new state of the art development is proposed on the existing campus which will replace an older building which has become available. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Most Appropriate Procurement Method For University Of Salford" essay for you Create order I have been appointed as a main consultant to the client and required to advise the client on the most appropriate procurement method. The proposed site will require demolition of existing structures and the new facility will contain State of the art lectures theatres Meeting rooms Extensive classroom and studio facilities Office accommodation Laboratory accommodation Learning resources units External works In the University policy on sustainability, the client needs the building to be carbon neutral. In addition, the university facility should make a clear architectural statement and must be constructed to the highest aesthetic and qualities standard. The budget to cover the total development cost, inclusive of construction works, statutory and professional fees approximately  £20 million. The completion is critical, as the building requires handover by 1 august 2012 at the very latest, to accommodate the new academic year. 2.0 Procurement The process of the procurement is acquiring goods and services, covering both acquisition from third parties and form in-house providers. The process span the whole life cycle from the identification of needs, to the end of a services contract or the end of the useful life of an asset. If they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any recognize, they will be not allow to follow the next step. Once they have been recognized, it is important to succeed the information of what will lead to satisfaction. From there, it is a matter of determining what features are preferred, as well as determining an approximate amount of money that the consumer is willing to pay. If they can provide the following requirement, they can involve the evaluation of potential suppliers. The evaluation suppliers will involve knowing more about the seller who can supply goods or services which can meet their requirement. This may involve negotiating prices or accepting proposals. Once the final decision is made between the two remaining suppliers, they can involve the final process. The final procurement process involves taking control of the good or service, ensuring the item is in agreement with all the claims which prepared by the supplier. There has been change in procurement such as; Government intervention The PFI(Private Finance Initiative) projects have been increase and expand the PFI policy. Technology The client need responsibility The influence of developments in education and training from research studies into contracting methods 3.0 Procurement strategy Contract strategy The contract strategy is to promote effective procurement across the whole organization. In this method, it is necessary to match the need of the client with the most suitable, to enable this, the client objective and the operation and relative attributes of the available procurement and method of appointment, is required. Project Size The Small project is not suitable on detailed form of contractual arrangement. That means, some of the procedures will unlikely to be cost effective, Open tendering or design and build most will be suitable for small project. Client type Clients who carry out the construction work are much better to be informed on their development their own preference and will not require building occasionally. In this result, the quantity surveying need to give some advice to the client the adoption and appropriate methods. The client with experienced have a working strategy of the construction industry, so the client can contribute to the process throughout. The client without knowledge will need quantity surveyor advise and they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contribute in the construction process. 4.0 Client Procurement needs The three main factors that need to be considered in the most suitable procurement system is the cost, time and quality which reflects each in either way. 4.1 Time The time completion or the project duration is seen as a major criterion of project success by the clients, contractors and consultant, most client likely to have an early building completion or on time, and that concerted management effort will help to control the cost and quality. it also very important to decide the true need since attempt to meet the objective is expected to have consequences on other requirement.(Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 4.2 Cost Cost is the most important under client procurement need, Client have been increasingly concerned with the overall profitability and the accountability of project. the factors to be considered for the cost are the price negotiations, fixed price arrangements, price certainty, price forecasting, contract sum, payment and cash flows, life cycle cost, variations and final cost ,Client also need cost if the project get delays, they are some project with unusually short project period tend to incur some form of cost penalty. The introduction of conditions to the client, or the imposition of higher standard of workmanship than normal, will also push up costs. The cost are certainly is required prior to commitment to project completion or construction. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 4.3 Quality The quality for the client defined as one of the components that contributes to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ value for moneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, the quality is influenced by several factors such as the briefing process; the suitability of materials and the quality control procedures that are in place during both design and construction. they have 3 way quality mananagement must be achieved, they are integration of the project team so they have a objective and a common culture, A customer focus for the team thereby facilating the provision of products and services and a process of improvement in the management of the construction project. If they can achieve the 3 successfully quality management, the project will begin to realize significant and improvement in the attainment of the clients à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"objectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (allan ashworth keith hogg,2007) 5.0 Partnering Partnering define as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a management approach used by 2 or more organizations to achieve specific business objective by maximize the effectiveness of each participants resources. The approve is based on mutual objectives, an agreed method of problem resolution and an active search for continuous measurable improvementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? They have three main components according to the definition above; they are mutual objectives, agreed method of problem resolution, active search for continuous and measurable improvement. Partnering is a form of collaborative working between the client and contractor, partnering is characterized by a greater degree of openness, teamwork, trust and sharing information. The aims of partnering arrangements are often expressed in terms of business outcomes rather than specific outputs or improvement; the partnering success will depend on the people and relationship aspects. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) The process of partnering When the client and contractor agree to partnering each other, the procedures of partnering will involve a selection procedure, initial partnering workshop and a project review. The client and contractor can be partner is because they can trust each other and committed to the arrangement is fundamental to the process. The client and the contractor allow using traditional procurement in the initial selection stages. During this project implementation, the performance will be regularly reviewed. This will include all important project matters including quality finance, programmed, problem resolution and safely. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) Project partnering Decision stage- The project team which involves in the partnering process is essential, once all of the parties have made the decision in the partnering process, they can go forward to the establishment of working stage. Establishment of working practices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" In this stage, all the project teams have to identify the mutual objective and have to solve the problem during the duration of the project. Later, all the project team have to involved in the partnering process when the decision has been made, they will determine how the project team will implement the project together and to improve relationship. The final task will consist of formulate a partnering chapter, a document with no legal standing, once all the parties have signed the document, it is exhibited in the office of all the participating organizations and they can go forward to the implementing partnering practices stage. Implementing partnering practices- the meeting will take place at intervals, during the meeting, they will solve the problem which they have during the implementation of the project and to ensure that the previously agreed continuous improvement have been made. Over the often lengthy implementation period, the project team enable to establish the relationship improvement, teamwork and the trust during meeting.(Masterman,2006) Strategic partnering Strategic partnering involves in the long term issues of partnering by two organizations to carry out more than one construction project. The benefits for strategic partnering is they can build a long term relationship which can include their establishing common facilities and systems, and understanding or known well for the partner longer term business. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) Advantages of partnering disputes reduction time and expense in the settlement of disputes reduction cost reduction quality and safely will improved the design and construction times will improved the income will be more stable better working environment (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) Disadvantages of partnering initial costs complacency Single source employment- strategic partnering could result in both party becoming very dependent on one client and thus becoming very weak should this source of work be threatened. Lack of confidentiality of client or contractor processes and system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" disputes could occur in the event that information, which may be regarded as commercially confidential, were to be withheld from one or more of the partners. Lack of competition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the accepted route to securing a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"good valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ price is through the competitive tendering process. Absent of partnering through the chain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the benefits of partnering seem to be lacking from the contractor- subcontractor relationship. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 6.0 Procurement Option 6.1 Traditional Procurement Traditional procurement are the most common or popular in procurement, in this approach, the Client commission an architect to take a brief, produce designs and construction information, invite tenders during the construction period and the final account. The client will need some advice to appoint the consultant such as Quantity surveying, structural engineers and building services engineers. But, Quantity surveying is normally the client first choice. When the consultant have been prepare the design, tender document, the client will appoint the contractor to construct the works of the design according to the contract documents, Normally, Most of the works are done by sub-contractor to specialist firm which given by the main- contractor. The consultants also have to advise the client on progress and stage payment which must be paid by the client. This form of procurement is the separation of separation of design and construction. The main advantages of traditional procurement is The design can be fully developed and costed in detail after the buildings have been signed. Low tender price Procurement route most likely to give a client a much modified building. Accommodates design changes and aids the cost management process. The disadvantages of traditional procurement is Problem relating to design error, the risk relating to the design lies with the client. Lack of involvement of the construction in the design process. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 6.2 Design and build In Design and build, the client enters into the single contract with one entity who is responsible for both design and construction works of the project, which means, the client doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to employ consultant and architect, they can directly to employ the contractor to responsibility for both design and construction. The contractor also can appoint some consultant to do the design, most of the construction work will be carry out by sub- contractor. Design and brief is also one of the most frequently used procurement routes in construction, The contractor tenders against a client brief and will follow an initial concept design prepared by consultants appointed to advise the client.Normally, the contractor will develop the design and the works have to be completed. In a fixed price. Tendering is more expensive so it carries more risk for the contractor than the traditional approach. This is because the contractor has to develop an outline design and a detailed price. In the develop and construct method, the client have to prepared the conceptual design for the tender documents and ask the contractor to submit the proposal for the development and completion of the design. Construction novation is an approach whereby the client novates the design consultant to the contractors to aid the contractor in developing and completing the design. The main advantages in this design and build is Single point responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the contractor is responsible for the design and the construction, so the contractor cannot blame the consultant if they have a problem in work and will be motivated toward the reduction of design problem, this is more advantages compare to the traditional procurement when the client have separated the design and construction to the consultant and contractor respectively. Price Certainty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" offer there donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any client changes, a high level of price certainty exists, under JCT WCD(JCT 1998 Edition With Contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Design), the contractor cannot claim money for loss and expense as a result of late receipt of instruction from the architect. Reduced project duration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" design and build work on site to start earlier when the design in process when they approve by the contractor. An improved degree of buildability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the contractor has control the design and construction that means, the building is likely to be more buildable than other procurement methods. Claims- Claims are less likely to materialize when the contractor responsibility for the design and the construction(Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) The disadvantages of traditional procurement is Design quality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the design and build is not the appropriate procurement method where design quality is a high priority. Additional design fees- the client have to pay additional design fees if they wishes to take independent advice on design issues following the building contract being entered. Commitment prior to fully design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the client bought a building which they havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fully design. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 6.3 Management Contracting Management contracting is to describe a method of organizing project team and the client appoints designers and a contractor separately and pays the contractor fees for managing the construction works. The contractor does not therefore participate in the profitability of the construction work itself. The management contractor will not carry out on construction work so they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to employ the labour or plant, except they have to involve in the setting up of the site. There is less price certainty at the outset, because the construction will have to start ahead when many of the work have yet to be tendered. Management contracting will suitable for larger or more complex project, but parallel working can enable the process of procurement to take place faster than traditional procurement. The main advantage of this management contracting is Early involvement of the management contractor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the contractor is employ on fees basis that means, the appointment can take place early during design stage. Reduced project duration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" construction can start early when the sufficient work has been designed. Accommodates later design decisions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" some design decision relating to work which successively at the end of the construction phase may be delayed due to the letting of work in packages (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg, 2007) The disadvantage of management contracting Commitment prior to full design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" when the design canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t complete at the time of commencement, it will affect the cost, quality and other when the client want to proceed. Increase in client risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the risks relating to additional costs arising, that means all of the works will be delays, defective work and claims. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 6.4 Construction management Construction management offer an alternative to management contracting in terms of the contract relation between the client and the contractor as in construction management, the client has a direct relation with the construction team unlike the management contracting. Means where the management service is provided by a fee-based consultant, a specialist construction manager or a contractor and where all construction contracts are directly agreed between the client and the trade contractors. There is no contractual relationship between the construction management and the trade contractors. Alike to the management contracting, the design and management can be overlapped, thus shortening the project time. Besides the overlapping process, the practice of having the construction management in the design stage should ensure that the design are more easily built due to the consequent avoidance of unnecessarily complicated work and reduction of overlapping between individual works contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations. Because of the direct contract is require, the additional client involvement have to be require, unfortunately, the adequate experience and the resources are not recommended. (Masterman, 2006) `The disadvantage of this system is in terms of the quality of work. But this problem could be overcome by the implementation of the correct quality control procedures during the construction stage to make sure that the performance of the contractor is strictly monitored and high-level quality can be achieved. 7.0 Procurement selection matrix 7.1 Analysis the procurement matrix According to the matrix system, the best procurement methods so far for this project are construction management. This procurement method will be based on the main factor for the selection of a procurement system which is time, quality and cost. Based on the time of completion of the project, the construction management could give the project shorter contract period compared to the traditional procurement system. (CIRIA, 2009 ) There is a slight difference in terms of the quality that the construction management based could produce. Construction manager is hired at the earliest stage of the project and it is found that the early involvement would have effect on the buildability of the building during the construction stage. Therefore with high buildability of the building with good supervision and the implementations of correct quality control procedures by the construction manager, the construction management system could achieve a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"prestigeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ level of quality. Comparing the quality of work that a management contracting can produce, construction management could produce a good quality finish compared to the management contracting as the involvement of the management contractor is in a later stage than the construction manager. the management contractor will also need some advice from the design team on all aspects of the project. Last but not least, the construction management will have to give some advice to the client as the construction manager are involved in the earliest stage even before the design and brief is discussed. This means that the construction manager has more information of the project compared to the management contractor. 8.0 Proposal of the best procurement method According to my Procurement matrix, it is shows that the most suitable procurement method for the project is the construction management. This is supported by the highest score in the matrix compared to other procurement options, which means construction management meets most of the project needs such as the time of completion and the quality of the university facility. The reason why I choose construction management compare to other procurement is the quality, quality is very important for this project because of the reputation that the university aims to be ranked amongst the very best UK university and recognized by 2017 and the client requires the building to be carbon neutral and must be constructed to the highest aesthetic and qualities standard. Secondly is the timing requirement of this project. Construction management is the best choice for the time because the time of completion could give the project shorter contract period compared to the traditional procurement system and other procurement. The reason I allocate more importance on time is because the client need to finish the project as fast as possible and the handover by this project is 1st August 2012 at the very latest is to accommodate the new academic year. Besides that, as shown in a diagram in CIRIA (2009), construction management is suitable for an experienced client which would want to be involved more directly to the client. As the client have already appointed me to advise the client, I will advise the client to keep involved with the construction management and to have a direct relations with design and construction team so it is easier for them to communicate and allow better relationship. After all the argument above and in the previous section, it has been clear that the most suitable procurement system for this project is the Construction Management. 9.0 CONCLUSION As a conclusion to this report, for this project, the most suitable procurement system that could be used to procure the project is the construction management after comparing it with traditional, design and build and the management contracting procurement system. The reason for this is that construction management procurement system satisfies most of the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs compared to the other such as the high quality standard needed for this project and the early completion of time.

Effective Teaching And Evaluation Of Teaching - 1033 Words

Effective Teaching and Evaluation Effective teaching requires a number of efforts combined together to reach a student. The success of the student’s learning must be evaluated and graded. â€Å"Teaching involves two potentially conflicting perspectives related to academic freedom. Teachers exercise individual academic freedom and responsibility to develop and deliver course on the basis of their professional expertise, but also teach in the context of a curriculum offered by the academic department (Landrum 9). A teacher who knows their subject matter and can assess and provide feedback to the student also provides that student with a fun and successful way to learning. The government has been meddling in the Education of†¦show more content†¦The skill required to becoming creative adults are not being taught. Alfie Kohn has taken a strong stand against grading. In his article â€Å"From Degrading to De-Grading†, Kohn discusses three main effects of gra ding. Kohn writes that once a grade is attached to an assignment the perception of the student goes from learning/fun to grading/chore. He also feels that the more pressure to get an A, the less inclination for the student to accept challenges and the greater incentive to choose the easier assignment. Finally he believes that â€Å"the knowledge that a grade is attached to a learning assignment the quality of the student’s thinking was degraded† (Kohn 238,239). Although I agree with Kohn’s philosophy that there is a difference between â€Å"how motivated students are; to how students are motivated† (Kohn 241). A method for measuring how well the student is learning the subject is necessary. A student might love working with electronics, but the reality is the student may not be good enough to follow that career path. Parents today use grading as a means to gage and access the child’s progress. Laura Owen wrote an article for teachingmonster.com that wrote, â€Å"According to leaders in the field, the true purpose of assessment is to evaluate a student’s level of understanding, and should be used to provide appropriate feedback and guidance in planning future instruction† (Owen 1). Good or bad, needed or not needed, grades play a role. Robert MarzanoShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of A More Effective Type Of Teacher Evaluation System1068 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain the need for a more effective type of teacher evaluation system. She wants to describe what are the weaknesses in the checklist type of teacher evaluations that has been used as the norm in the past. Danielson wants to describe a more effective form of teacher evaluation that will be useful for the administrator and also the teacher. This is very critical in decision making for schools because this is a way for them to credibly show that they have highly effective teacher to the school boardRead MoreThe Importance Of A More Effective Type Of Teacher Evaluation System1058 Words   |  5 Pagesthe need for a more effective type of teacher evaluation system. She wants to describe the weaknesses of the checklist type of teacher evaluations that has been used as the norm in the past. Danielson describes a more effective form of teacher evaluation that will be useful for the administrator and also the teacher. Teacher evaluations are very critical in decision making for schools because this is a way for them to credibly show the school board that they have highly effective teachers and at theRead MoreThe Importance Of Teacher Quality And Promote Learning1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of teacher evaluations is to ensure teacher quality and to promote learnin g. The Framework for Teaching, by Charlotte Danielson, has effectively identified 4 domains reflecting the responsibilities of teachers. The domains of teacher responsibility outlined in this evaluation tool are: Planning and Preparation, The Classroom Environment, Instruction, and Professional Responsibilities. Within each of the 4 domains, there are descriptive elements exemplifying the characteristics of theRead MorePlan for Evaluating and Improving Formative and Summative Teacher Evaluation 1393 Words   |  6 Pagesfor teacher evaluation requires identification and understanding of the key issues involved in these evaluations. Evaluations meet state mandates, teacher development, identification of ineffective teachers, and promotions. Many states mandate the career teachers are required to be evaluated once per year. This evaluation generally is in the form of a summative evaluation. A summative evaluation is not the recommended evaluation to improve teacher performance. F ormative evaluations are the preferredRead MoreShould K 12 Student Surveys Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pages Should K-12 student surveys of their teachers be used to determine whether they get a boost in salary or be judged effective or ineffective? Based on surveys given to students about their teachers over the past decade, student judgments about their teachers are highly correlated with test scores. These questions measure classroom control and the degree to which teachers challenge students to work harder with academic content and skills. The New Teacher Project, a national nonprofit based in BrooklynRead MoreEvaluating The Learning Environment For Nursing Education Curriculum And Professional Development809 Words   |  4 Pagesstudent with the opportunity to participate in the teaching/evaluation of nurses at various educational levels in the hospital setting. This focused practicum involves course preparation, actual classroom teaching, evaluation methods (testing, conferencing), and participation in meetings. This practicum will provide this student with a variety of teaching stra tegies, knowledge, skills, and evaluative approaches designed to promote a productive and effective learning environment within the hospital settingRead MoreEthics And Moral Standards On Student Behavior1545 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. Due to the enormous capacity of professionals, many supervisors and managers intend to set clear standards for every educator. Therefore, teachers embody the strict guidelines to accept the recognition of an exceptional educator. Teaching symbolizes effort, care, and knowledge, characteristics that exemplify a small portion of every educator. Along with great accomplishments, responsibility and ethics impact an educator’s action. As a result, ethics and moral standards influence futureRead MoreUsing Teacher Evaluation Tools For Teaching And Learning Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesimprove teaching and learning. Nevertheless, feedback that classifies the observed practices incorrectly is likely to involve a considerable opportunity cost for teachers as well as students (Iqbal, 2013). Notably, in 2009, a report by the name The Widget Effect was released by The New Teacher Project (TNTP). The report exposed the prevailing teacher evaluations as both infrequent and largely subjective (Jerald, 2012). Similarly, the attention towards the effectiveness of teacher evaluation is fairlyRead MoreAssessment And Evaluation Strategies For Nurses Educators Essay859 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment and Evaluation Strategies for Nurse Educators Introduction Kizlik (2014) describes assessment and evaluation as fundamental elements of the knowledge base of professional teachers. Kizlik (2014) also recommends that the implementation of both assessment and evaluation be a principal component of the curricula at colleges and universities. Therefore, understanding the differences between assessment and evaluation is vital in effective teaching for professional teachers and students. AlthoughRead MoreProfessional Development Of An Effective Teacher1432 Words   |  6 Pagesare many factors involved in the professional development of an effective teacher. Drawing on relevant literature, identify and explain four key aspects that are important for teacher development. Thinking about your own professional development, select your personal priority from these four aspects and provide justification for your choice. As an aspiring teacher I feel that it is extremely important to recognise that good teaching methods have a significant positive impact of how students lean

Marketing and Management Advertising and Promotion

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Management for Advertising and Promotion. Answer: Introduction: Marketing has been a traditional activity which is intended for business. The Business Organizations form with an objective to satisfy various needs of Consumers especially the material aspects. The term Marketing is described as the process in which the delivery of products and services happens as per higher standards. In the process of Marketing, the parties involved exchange something of value. (Kotler, 2003) has defined marketing as a societal process through which various Consumers procure products by involving various processes like creativity, exchange of products and services and by offering some value to the other Consumers or the Vendors. This provides an insight into the concept of marketing that it is a system of exchange and it is also a critical function aspect of the economic system of a Country. Critics have differentiated the types of Organizations into various categories like the profit organizations and the not for profit organizations (Lynch, 2009).The examples of these Organizations of the non profit category are the Hospitals and some of the Universities. With the introduction of the concepts of non profit, Organizations have started shifting their focus from the conventional methods of marketing to the societal concept of marketing (Belch, 2007). Development of modern marketing Modern marketing has evolved through various phases like the production phase, the sales phase and the final concept of marketing. Production Phase The production phase of marketing has involved various skills to produce and deliver the products and services within a limited period of time. Products were made with much focus on the quicker delivery than the quality of the products and the customers needs though they were made efficiently (Basu, nd). Sales Phase Moving the produced merchandise to the markets and converting the products into cash was the main objective of the Sales Phase. This process has also involved aggressive selling. The aggressive sales have persuaded a lot of Companies to act as per law and change their selling methodologies to avoid all the misleading advertising which can save the Consumers from various issues. Shift of Selling Approach to Societal Marketing The long term success of an Organization depends on the abilities of the Management. The process involves the planning and controlling the marketing strategy, designing the sales strategy and analysing the insights of marketing (Suttle, nd). The marketing executives are responsible for the marketing of their products and they control the marketing mix of the product which involves the product, price, place, promotion and people. The analysis, planning, implementation and control of the marketing process are the subsequent stages to the 5 Ps cycle of the marketing process. These stages of the marketing process are influenced by the 5 PESTEL forces like the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal forces. There have been remarkable changes in the marketing process where the Organizations have been competing with a lot other companies throughout the world. Different Countries in the World like the Asian Countries and Japan have been the major markets for the US Companies. The well established Companies like Mc Donalds and Coca Cola are the leading examples who have set exemplary models of marketing in the world. With such bigger brands trying to open newer Restaurants in various parts of the World, they would also have to cater to various needs of the Consumers from all sections of the Community which also involves various demographic trends in their Consumers (Basu, nd). International Markets are critical for the survival of the products where the Companies have to look for immense growth opportunities which could depend on considering the societal forces of that specific Country (Irwin, Varki Colgate 2001, p. 232 -40). In cases where the Companies target marketing their products to different Countries, they could target producing the products considering the entire population and their needs. This aspect of marketing coincides with the concept of Societal Marketing which emphasizes on the aspects of social consciousness as a part of their marketing strategy in order to prove that they care for their Consumers than selling their products and services. Societal Marketing Societal Marketing is a process where the Companies market their products by considering the needs of their Consumers as well as the needs of the Communities. The brands which are conscious about the aspect of Societal Marketing incorporate effective societal marketing campaigns by including ethical statements in their production and marketing strategies (Kotler Armstrong, 2013). The purpose of the Societal Marketing aspect is to care for the well being of the entire Community along with their Consumers (Flex study nd). This is a type of marketing where the Companies use their social consciousness in order to attract their consumers based on their tag lines that they Care for the Community and their Consumers. The environmental and the social forces constitute the societal forces of the marketing system (Thompson, Gamble Strickland, 2004) This conscious effort of the Companies helps them to achieve a greater place in the markets with their continuous effort to strive for delivering the best. Two companies in Australia who has been very active in following societal marketing approach There are various categories in which the Companies have been trying to market their products eco friendly and supporting various business firms where they market using the societal marketing concepts. Trends have been seen in the companies related to recycling and packaging products which have emphasised on eco friendly marketing (Reimer Kuehn, 2005, p. 785 - 80). Their focus was to preserve the environment without causing any further damage under their societal marketing policies. Spicers Paper Spicers Paper comes under the Office and Stationery category of Companies and they have been servicing people for almost 100 years. Their commitment to quality has been commendable because they have been enthusiastic about the technology they have been using to make paper and also help those people who were using their paper (Spicers, 2014). Their interest in maintaining higher standards have helped them penetrate into the markets of New Zealand, Singapore and US apart from Australia. Spicers Paper have been known for the best paper they produce as they pick on the latest trends of products in order to produce and deliver their products and services. Spicers Paper have been contributing to the well being of the Australian Communities by using impressive and higher grades of quality material including the industry supplies and plastics which are used in order to produce various paper materials (Spicers Limited 2016). They have also been known for procuring materials from sustainable fibre sources in order to establish a greater relationship with their Customers. The selection process of the materials used depends on the environmental factors where they select the most suitable materials for producing their products. They are also well known for their infrastructure and they deliver their products by shipping them to invariable distances. Eco Friendly marketing There are various Companies which have been trying to preserve the environment without causing much damage and they have also been making their products from various recycled products and materials. This is to ensure that they can market themselves to the world without any issues and they can also contribute to the communities in a positive way. Eco friendly marketing is not about producing their products in a sustainable way however it is to ensure that they also market themselves using the eco friendly products in their marketing strategies and their day day operations. AMCOR AMCOR is a global packaging company which has been known for its authenticity in Australia. It is an eco - company which produces a large variety of packaging materials for various business firms like agricultural industries and consumer product companies. As a part of their sustainable packaging solutions they have also come up with a strategy where they have been recycling their products in order to develop a sustainable packaging business in the world. AMCOR, in the process of their operations, focus on environmental sustainability in spite of their higher standards of business. They also report their environmental performance as a part of their operations on an annual basis (Amcor 2016). All their operation sites have environmental management systems in place where they take care of their environmental discharges and cooling of their towers in order to reduce the overall impact on the communities. Their focus is strong on managing their natural resources effectively which include managing their greenhouse gas emissions. Their annual reports have been showing incredible improvements where more than 55 65% of their companies have achieved ISO 14001 certification (Amcor 2016). AMCOR has also set newer standards in order to contribute to the Australian Communities by focussing on reducing the Greenhouse gas emissions by 10% by the end of FY 2016. They have also been focussing on reducing the Greenhouse gas emissions by 60% by the end of FY 2030. References Amcor 2016, Our Approach, Viewed on August 29th 2016, https://www.amcor.com/sustainability/environment#sthash.b0ls8AKZ.dpbs. Basu, C nd, Selling to the Business Market vs. the Consumer Market, viewed on April 21st 2015 https://www.ehow.com/info_7971006_selling-market-vs-consumer-market.html. Belch G.E 2007, "Advertising and Promotion", An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspectives, seventh edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, America. Flex study nd, The Concept of Modern Marketing, Viewed on August 291th 2016, https://www.flexstudy.com/demo/demopdf/99037_1.pdf. Hose, C nd, Examples of Societal Marketing, Viewed on August 29th 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-societal-marketing-22709.html. Kotler, P 2003, Marketing Management, 11th edition, Prentice Hall International Edition. Kotler, P. Armstrong, G 2013, Principles of Marketing,14th edition. Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex, England. Pearson Education. Lynch, R 2009, Strategic Management (5th Edition). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. McGrawhill/Irwin. Varki, S. Colgate, M 2001, The role of price perceptions in an integrated model of behavioral intentions, Journal of Service Research, 3(2), pp. 232-40. Reimer, A. Kuehn, R 2005, The impact of service scape on quality perception, European Journal of Marketing, 39(7/8), pp. 785-80. Spicers 2014, Environmental Our Values, Viewed on August 29th 2016, https://www.spicers.com.au/. Suttle, R nd, Consumer Research Process, viewed on April 21st 2015 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/consumer-research-process-3363.html. Thompson, A. A, Gamble, J. E. Strickland, A. J 2004, Strategy: Winning in the Market Place, International Edition. New York.

The Safety of Blood Essay Example For Students

The Safety of Blood Essay A five-year old girl is riding down the street, on her way to her bestfriends house. She doesnt have a care in the world and is quietly humming toherself. Suddenly a car whips around the corner and swerves to avoid the child,but he looses control and squarely hits the girl, causing the her to fall andget trapped between the car and her battered bicycle. A main artery in her leghas been severed and blood fills the gutter of the street. As she gets rushedto the hospital in the ambulance, a pint of blood is given to her to attempt toreplace some of the life giving fluid that is pouring out of her leg. In theend she received four pints of blood and made a full recovery. We will write a custom essay on The Safety of Blood specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although everything turned out all right for the girl, things could havebeen much different. What if that blood hadnt been there because the nationsblood supply was low? What if the blood that she received had been infectedwith a deadly disease such as Syphilis or HIV? These are pressing concerns fortodays society. Even though one in every five people will need a bloodtransfusion and the risk of contracting a disease such as AIDS is practicallynegligible, people are still concerned that the blood that they receive may haveharmful or deadly diseases and that todays blood supply is not safe.However, safe means different things for different people. For some,safe is an absolute security from any danger. This is an extreme viewpoint,though, because most people realize that one can never be completely safe. Another, and more popularly held connotation of safe, is the probability ofnot getting hurt. This is a much more reasonable and plausible definition andtherefor will be used throughout this paper. However, even though theoverwhelming probability is that nothing will go wrong, people still fear thatthe nations blood supply is unsafe. They are incorrect in this belief, though,because much is done to assure that the nations blood supply is, in fact, safe. One requirement to having a safe blood supply is to have an extensivereserve, because this allows for the option of discarding any blood that ispotentially unsafe.The assurance of an ample blood supply begins with thedonation process. Most of the people in this country have the capability todonate blood. However, only 4 percent of the eligible population actuallydonates.1 There are few restrictions and the reason why there are bloodshortages is because people dont want to donate as opposed to cant donate. For most blood centers, the physical criteria that a donor must meet are asfollows: person must be at least 17 years of age, weigh 110 pounds, and be ingood physical health. However, if so many people can donate blood why do so fewchoose to?Most people are afraid of giving blood. There are many misconceptionsabout the process of donating blood and receiving transfusions. For example,people believe that there is a danger of contracting diseases, especially AIDS,from the needles used during the process. However, these chances are zero, anda person has less of a chance of contracting a disease while giving blood thanhe has in any other ordinary situationActually, people have little to fear about giving blood. Manyprecautions are taken to assure that the process is safe for the donor, and theblood that is received is safe for the recipient. Before the donor even getsclose to the bed or the needle, he first must complete a thorough survey askingabout his past and potentially risky behavio r. The survey asks about recentsexual encounters, focusing on homosexual situations. It also asks about druguse, body piercing, and prostitution, which are all considered to be at riskbehaviors. If the donor has participated in such behavior he will not beallowed to donate until a time when it is safer for everyone involved. If thedonor passes the screening, his blood is collected in a new, plastic bag with abrand new needle. The needle and everything used during the process, from thefinger lancet to the cotton swabs, are disposed of instead of being reused,which eliminates the possibility of something not being properly sterilized. .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .postImageUrl , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:hover , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:visited , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:active { border:0!important; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:active , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse EssayAlso, if by chance, the nurse misses the vein and must reinsert a needle, hewill start over with a new needle, to assure sterility. After the blood isdrawn, it is sent to certain laboratories, where it is tested for diseases suchas HIV. If there is a problem, the donor will even be notified to assure thathe or she doesnt put anyone else at risk. At any point in this process, bloodthat does not reach the proper standards will be removed from the supply,assuring safety. In fact, two to ten percent of the units of blood that arereceived end up being removed because of uncertainty. 2Another reason why people may be hesitant to donate is because theydont know t he benefits of giving blood. First, because of the screeningprocess, the donor receives a sort of mini-physical every eight weeks. Thislets a person keep a check on his or her blood pressure, pulse, temperature,weight, and iron reading. It is a good way to assure that one is remaininghealthy. Also, not only does the blood that is given help someone in desperateneed of it, the donor feels good about himself, too. The donor can walk out ofthe center with a firm sense that he has helped someone in need. After the blood is drawn, many tests are performed on it, providinganother way to insure that the blood supply is safe. Testing is done forSyphilis, Hepititis B and C, abnormal liver function, and Human T-LymphotrophicVirus type I and type II. All of these diseases are blood-born and have thepotential of being extremely harmful if not fatal. However, the main fear thatpeople have regarding a blood transfusion is that they may contract AIDS. Thisis a result of a lack of understanding about what AIDS is or how it is tested. AIDS, an acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is a blood-borndisease that attacks ones immune system, leaving him susceptible to lesserdiseases that may not be a threat to a person with a healthy immune system. Itis caused by a virus known as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and over a fewyears develops into AIDS. The only ways to contract HIV are through bodilyfluids: blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or breast milk. It is because blood is oneof the means of contracting the disease, many people are afraid of donating andreceiving blood. However, HIV is also one of the diseases thoroughly tested forin the testing process. Two HIV related tests are performed, one for the HIVantigen and the other for the HIV antibody. The purpose of testing twice is toassure that the presence of the disease is noticed. If a person tests positivefor either the HIV antigen or antibody, he is permanently deferred, meaning thathe will never be allowed to donate.1The main reason why people are conce rned about the safety of the bloodsupply is because they are afraid of contracting a disease in the event thatthey need to receive blood. However, precautions are also made to insure thesafety of blood transfusions. For example, all of the blood used fortransfusions either comes from the blood center or is drawn by the same methods. This insures that the level of sterility and testing for harmful diseases is ashigh as it is for donation. In the hospital, sterile one-use needles are alsoused as they are in the blood center. Also, careful screening is done to makesure that the blood types match and that the donor blood is compatible with thea patients blood, preventing diseases such as jaundice. In both the bloodcenter where the donations take place and the hospital where the transfusionsoccur, the staff is highly trained and knowledgeable. Each nurse or assistantmust have basic medical training to get the job, and although human error exists,it is minimal. .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .postImageUrl , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:hover , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:visited , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:active { border:0!important; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:active , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Internet Speech EssayDue to the many safeguards and precautions taken, the blood supply inAmerica is safe. The risk of contracting a disease from the donation process isquite minimal and there are more reasons to give blood than not to give blood. It is my opinion that if a person can give blood, they should. Donating bloodis noble, safe, and painless, and when blood is given, the donor gets awonderful feeling of doing good for someone and can be confident that he or shemay have saved a life. So when that little girl arrives at the hospital,unconscious and bleeding, she can be sure that the blood she receives will besafe. Works Cited1 The Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Testing Performed on All BloodDonations 5/962 The American Association of Blood Banks, Recieving Blood 1995Category: Science